1. PROCESSING FOOD.
TERMINOLOGY:
1. Process – This is when something is changed into a different form.
2. Preserve – This is when food is processed so that it stays in its original state.
3. Micro-organisms – These are tiny living creatures that are too small for us to see without a microscope.
4. Indigenous people – are the original or first people to live in a country.
5. Mould – these are different types of fungus that grow on food.
6. Yeasts – These are tiny living creatures that attack fresh foods that contain sugar.
7. Evaporates – This is when water changes to water vapour.
8. Hygienic – This means that you keep the food clean and safe for people to eat.
Why do we process food:
Ø To change their flavour (What they taste like) or texture (what they feel like in your mouth) or appearance (what they look like)
Ø To preserve them (make them last longer)
ü People need fresh food such as fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and eggs in order to stay healthy.
ü Most fresh food rots quickly.
ü Rotten food smells and tastes bad and can be poisonous.
ü Bacteria, mould and yeast are micro-organisms that make food rot.
ü Some moulds are useful and can be used to cure illnesses e.g. The first antibiotic called Penicillin was made from mould.
ü Yeast is used to make bread, wine and beer.
Ways of preserving food:
ü Ancient people all over the world found ways to make food last longer.
ü There were times when they would have plenty of food from hunting, gathering wild plants or harvesting crops, etc.
ü These people preserved the food for times when they could not find or grow enough food.
Different ways of preserving food:
o Making cheese from milk.
o Drying meat, fish, grains and fruit.
o Salting meat and fish.
o Hanging meat over fires to preserve with smoke.
o Making wine, beer, and other alcoholic drinks from fruit, vegetables and grains.
Saturday, September 11, 2010
FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground. Underground, they are formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets. As these pockets of magma cool slowly underground, the magma becomes igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are also formed when volcanoes erupt, causing the magma to rise above the earth's surface. When magma appears above the earth, it is called lava. Igneous rocks are formed as the lava cools above ground.
Granite rocks are igneous rocks which were formed by slowly cooling pockets of magma that were trapped beneath the earth's surface. Granite is used for long lasting monuments and for trim and decoration on buildings.
Scoria rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. Scoria is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals.
Pumice rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. This rock is so light, that many pumice rocks will actually float in water. Pumice is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals. Because this rock is so light, it is used quite often as a decorative landscape stone. Ground to a powder, it is used as an abrasive in polish compounds and in Lava© soap.
Obsidian rocks are igneous rocks that form when lava cools quickly above ground. Obsidian is actually glass and not a mixture of minerals. The edges of this rock are very sharp.
Igneous rocks are called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground. Underground, they are formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets. As these pockets of magma cool slowly underground, the magma becomes igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are also formed when volcanoes erupt, causing the magma to rise above the earth's surface. When magma appears above the earth, it is called lava. Igneous rocks are formed as the lava cools above ground.
Granite rocks are igneous rocks which were formed by slowly cooling pockets of magma that were trapped beneath the earth's surface. Granite is used for long lasting monuments and for trim and decoration on buildings.
Scoria rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. Scoria is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals.
Pumice rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. This rock is so light, that many pumice rocks will actually float in water. Pumice is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals. Because this rock is so light, it is used quite often as a decorative landscape stone. Ground to a powder, it is used as an abrasive in polish compounds and in Lava© soap.
Obsidian rocks are igneous rocks that form when lava cools quickly above ground. Obsidian is actually glass and not a mixture of minerals. The edges of this rock are very sharp.
PHYLUM COELENTERATA
COELENTERATA
Coelenterata is an obsolete long term encompassing two animal phyla, the Ctenophore (comb jellies) and the Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their allies). The name comes from the Greek "koilos" ("full bellied"), referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla. They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers of cells, external and internal.
The term coelenterate is no longer recognized as scientifically valid, as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have placed at equal rank under the Metazoa with the other phyla of animals. Cnidaria means "to sting" A single term encompassing these two phyla but leaving out all others of equal rank would be considered polyphyletic. Nonetheless, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis (revising an earlier model by Thomas Cavalier-Smith) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora alone under the Radiata branch of the Eumetazoa subregnum. (The latter refers to all the animals except the sponges, Trichoplax, and the still poorly-understood Mesozoa.) Neither grouping is accepted universally; however, both are commonly encountered in taxonomic literature.
The term coelenterate is no longer recognized as scientifically valid, as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have placed at equal rank under the Metazoa with the other phyla of animals. Cnidaria means "to sting" A single term encompassing these two phyla but leaving out all others of equal rank would be considered polyphyletic. Nonetheless, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis (revising an earlier model by Thomas Cavalier-Smith) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora alone under the Radiata branch of the Eumetazoa subregnum. (The latter refers to all the animals except the sponges, Trichoplax, and the still poorly-understood Mesozoa.) Neither grouping is accepted universally; however, both are commonly encountered in taxonomic literature.
PHYLUM PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA
Protozoa (from the Greek words proton, meaning "first", and zoa, meaning "animals") is a subkingdom of microorganisms that are classified generally as unicellular non-fungal eukaryotes. Protozoans are a major component of the ecosystem.
The word protozoan is originally an adjective and is used as a noun While there is not any exact definition for the term protozoan, most scientists use the word to refer to a unicellular heterotrophic protist, such as the amoeba and ciliate. The term algae is used for microorganisms that photosynthesize. However, the distinction between protozoa and algae is often vague. For example, the algae Dinobryon has chloroplasts for photosynthesis, but it can also feed on organic matter and is motile. Protozoans are referred to generally as animal-like protists.
The Protozoa are a paraphyletic group (it does not include all genetic relatives of the group). They constitute their own "kingdom" by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2009 classification.
The word protozoan is originally an adjective and is used as a noun While there is not any exact definition for the term protozoan, most scientists use the word to refer to a unicellular heterotrophic protist, such as the amoeba and ciliate. The term algae is used for microorganisms that photosynthesize. However, the distinction between protozoa and algae is often vague. For example, the algae Dinobryon has chloroplasts for photosynthesis, but it can also feed on organic matter and is motile. Protozoans are referred to generally as animal-like protists.
The Protozoa are a paraphyletic group (it does not include all genetic relatives of the group). They constitute their own "kingdom" by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2009 classification.
HERBIVORES
HERBIVORES
Herbivores are animals that are adapted to eat plants. Herbivory is a form of predation in which an organism consumes principally autotrophs] such as plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria. More generally, organisms that feed on autotrophs in general are known as primary consumers.
By strict interpretation of this definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, some protists and a small number of parasitic plants might be considered herbivores. However, herbivory generally refers to animals eating plants. Fungi, bacteria and protists that feed on living plants are usually termed plant pathogens (plant diseases). Microbes that feed on dead plants are saprotrophs. Flowering plants that obtain nutrition from other living plants are usually termed parasitic plants.
By strict interpretation of this definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, some protists and a small number of parasitic plants might be considered herbivores. However, herbivory generally refers to animals eating plants. Fungi, bacteria and protists that feed on living plants are usually termed plant pathogens (plant diseases). Microbes that feed on dead plants are saprotrophs. Flowering plants that obtain nutrition from other living plants are usually termed parasitic plants.
CARNIVORES
CARNIVORES
A carnivore (pronounced, meaning 'meat eater' (Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour'), is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements are considered obligate carnivores while those that also consume non-animal food are considered facultative carnivores. Omnivores also consume both animal and non-animal food, and apart from the more general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant to animal material that would distinguish a facultative carnivore from an omnivore, or an omnivore from a facultative herbivore, for that matter. A carnivore that sits at the top of the food chain is an apex predator.
Plants that capture and digest insects are called carnivorous plants. Similarly, fungi that capture microscopic animals are often called carnivorous fungi.
Plants that capture and digest insects are called carnivorous plants. Similarly, fungi that capture microscopic animals are often called carnivorous fungi.
AMPHIBIANS
PHYLUM AMPHIBIA
Amphibians (class Amphibia, from Amphi- meaning "on both sides" and -bios meaning "life"), such as frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians, are exothermic (or cold-blooded) animals that metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, either to an adult air-breathing form, or to a pseudomorph that retains some juvenile characteristics. Proteidae (mudpuppies and waterdogs) are good examples of pseudomorphic species. Though amphibians typically have four limbs, the caecilians are notable for being limbless. Unlike other land vertebrates (amniotes), most amphibians lay eggs in water. Amphibians are superficially similar to reptiles.
Amphibians are ecological indicators, and in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations around the globe. Many species are now threatened or extinct.
Amphibians evolved in the Devonian Period and were top predators in the Carboniferous and Permian Periods, but many lineages were wiped out during the Permian–Triassic extinction. One group, the metoposaurs, remained important predators during the Triassic, but as the world became drier during the Early Jurassic they died out, leaving a handful of relict temnospondyls like Koolasuchus and the modern orders of Lissamphibia.
Amphibians are ecological indicators, and in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations around the globe. Many species are now threatened or extinct.
Amphibians evolved in the Devonian Period and were top predators in the Carboniferous and Permian Periods, but many lineages were wiped out during the Permian–Triassic extinction. One group, the metoposaurs, remained important predators during the Triassic, but as the world became drier during the Early Jurassic they died out, leaving a handful of relict temnospondyls like Koolasuchus and the modern orders of Lissamphibia.
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